| CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................... /1 Section 1 Basic Lines of the Development of American Philosophy .. /1 Section 2 The Place of American Philosophy in Western Philosophy . /7 Section 3 Principles of Writing this Book ........................ /12 Part 1 Theology and Philosophy in the Colonial Perioa Chapter 1 The Social Situation of North America in the Colonial Period .................................... /19 Chapter 2 Theology in the Colonial Period ——The Rise, Development and Decline of Puritanism ....... /22 Section 1 The Rise of Puritanism ................................. /22 Section 2 Important Representatives of Puritanism ................ /25 1. John Winthrop (1588~1649) ................................. /26 2. John Cotten (1584~1651) ................................... /27 3. Roger Williams (1604~1683) ................................ /28 4. Anne Hutchinson (1591~1643) ............................... /30 5. Cotten Mather (1663~1728) ................................. /31 6. William Penn (1644~1718) .................................. /32 Section 3 The Decline of Puritanism .............................. /34 Chapter 3 Philosophy in the Colonial Period .......................... /37 Section 1 Samuel Johnson (1696~1772) ............................ /38 1. Life and Works ............................................. /38 2. logic, Metaphysics and Ethics .............................. /40 3. The Existence and Nature of God ............................ /45 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /47 Section 2 Jonathan Edwards (1703~1758) .......................... /48 1. Life and Works ............................................. /49 2. A Theist Outlook on Universe ............................... /50 3. Superiority of Revelation over Reason ...................... /54 4. Psychological Analysis of Religious Affections ............. /55 5. Original Sin, Virtue and the Freedom of Will ............... /58 6. Brief Remarks .............................................. /64 Section 3 Cadwallader Colden (1688~1776) ........................ /65 1. Life and Works ............................................. /66 2. Activity of Matter ......................................... /67 3. Matter and Spirit .......................................... /69 4. God and Universe ........................................... /71 5. Morality and Happiness ..................................... /72 6. Brief Remarks .............................................. /73 Section 4 Benjamin Franklin (1706~1790) ......................... /74 1. Life and Works ............................................. /74 2. From Calvinism to Deism .................................... /76 3. Ordinary Matter and Electrical Matter ...................... /78 4. A Rationalistic View of Morality ........................... /79 5. Brief Remarks ...................................................... /81 A Short Summary ....................................................... /83 Part 2 Philosophical Thought in the Period of Independent War Chapter 1 American Social Situation in the Period from the Independent War to the End of the 18th Century ........ /89 Chapter 2 The Political Philosophy in the Period of Independent War .. /93 Section 1 Thomas Jefferson (1743~1826) .......................... /94 1. Life and Works ............................................. /95 2. Natural Right and Civil Right .............................. /96 3. Happiness, Virtue and Utility .............................. /99 4. The Freedom of Faith and the Separation of Politics and Religion ..................................... /101 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /103 Section 2 Thomas Paine (1737~1809) .............................. /105 1. Life and Works ............................................. /105 2. Individual, Society and Government ......................... /107 3. Rational Religion .......................................... /111 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /114 Section 3 Alexander Hamilton (1757~1804) ........................ /116 1. Life and Works ............................................. /116 2. Centralism ................................................. /117 3. The Union of Political Power and Economic Power ............ /119 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /120 Chapter 3 Deism in the Period of Independent War ..................... /122 Section 1 Ethan Allen (1737~1789) ............................... /123 1. Life and Works ............................................. /123 2. Reason and Faith ........................................... /125 3. God, Revelation and Miracles ............................... /125 4. Freedom of Will and Immortality of Soul .................... /127 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /128 Section 2 Elihu Palmer (1764~1806) .............................. /129 1. Life and Works ............................................. /129 2. Traditional Doctrines and Deism ............................ /130 3. Republicanism .............................................. /133 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /135 Chapter 4 Materialistic Thought in the Period of Independent War ..... /136 Section 1 Joseph Priestley (1733~1804) .......................... /137 1. Life and Works ............................................. /137 2. Matter and Spirit .......................................... /140 3. Freedom of Will and Determinism ............................ /143 4. Civil Rights and Civil Government .......................... /146 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /147 Section 2 Thomas Cooper (1759~1839) ............................. /148 1. Life and Works ............................................. /148 2. Materialism and Immaterialism .............................. /149 3. Perception and Cerebral Movement ........................... /151 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /153 Section 3 Benjamin Rush (1745~1813) ............................. /154 1. Life and Works ............................................. /154 2. Observation and Reasoning, Sensibility and Excitability .... /155 3. Physical Causes and Moral Faculty .......................... /157 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /160 A Short Summary ....................................................... /161 Part 3 American Philosophy in the First Half of the 19th Century Chapter 1 American Social Situation in the Period from the Beginning of the 19th Century to the civil War ........ /165 Chapter 2 Philosophy of Politics ..................................... /168 Section 1 John Caldwell Calhoun (1782~1850) ..................... /169 1. Life and Works ............................................. /169 2. Social State and Natural State ............................. /170 3. Freedom, Equality and Security ............................. /172 4. Two Kinds of Principle of Majority ......................... /173 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /175 Section 2 Francis Lieber (1800~1873) ............................ /176 1. Life and Works ............................................. /176 2. Civil Liberty and Self-Government .......................... /177 3. Individualism and Socialism ................................ /179 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /180 Chapter 3 Scottish Realism ........................................... /182 Section 1 James Mc Cosh (1811~1894) ............................. /183 1. Life and Works ............................................. /183 2. Fundamental Characteristics of Scottish Realism ............ /185 3. Realism and Kantian Philosophy ............................. /187 4. First and Fundamental Truths ............................... /189 5. Natural Law and Special Providence ......................... /191 6. Brief Remarks .............................................. /192 Section 2 Francis Bowen (1811~1889) ............................. /193 1. Life and Works ............................................. /193 2. Empirical Realism .......................................... /194 3. Natural Theology and Evolutionism ......................... /197 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /200 Section 3 Noah Porter (1811~1892) ............................... /200 1. Life and Works ............................................. /200 2. Psychology, Logic and Metaphysics .......................... /201 3. Presentation, Representation and Thought ................... /204 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /208 Chapter 4 Transcendentalism .......................................... /210 Section 1 William Ellery Channing (1780~1842) ................... /214 1. Life and Works ............................................. /214 2. Unitarianism and Marvels ................................... /215 3. A Humanitarian Outlook on Society .......................... /219 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /221 Section 2 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803~1882) ....................... /221 1. Life and Works ............................................. /222 2. Nature and Spirit .......................................... /224 3. Transcendentalism and Materialism .......................... /228 4. Intuition, SelfReliance and Representative Man .......... /232 5. Government, Party and Slavery .............................. /234 6. Brief Remarks .............................................. /236 Section 3 Theodore Parker (1810~1860) ........................... /237 1. Life and Works ............................................. /237 2. Transcendentalism and Sensationalism ....................... /238 3. God and Natural Religion ................................... /242 4. Social Evil and Social Progress ............................ /244 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /246 Section 4 Henry David Thoreau (1817~1862) ....................... /247 1. Life and Works ............................................. /247 2. The Meaning of Life ........................................ /249 3. Individual Freedom and Legality ............................ /251 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /252 Section 5 Walt Whiteman (1819~1892) .............................. /254 1. Life and Works ............................................. /254 2. A Evolutionary and Religious View of Universe .............. /255 3. A Millenarian Outlook on society and History ............... /258 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /260 A Short Summary ....................................................... /262 Part 4 American Philosophy in the Second Half of the 19th Century Chapter 1 American Social Situation in the Period from the Civil War to the End of the 19th Century .............. /267 Chapter 2 Philosophy of Evolution .................................... /271 Section 1 Asa Gray (1810~1888) .................................. /276 1. Life and Works ............................................. /276 2. Two Opposite Suppositions .................................. /278 3. Theory of Evolution and Atheism ............................ /280 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /282 Section 2 Channcey Wright (1830~1875) ........................... /282 1. Life and Works ............................................. /282 2. General View of Philosophy ................................. /284 3. Theory of Evolution ........................................ /286 4. Theory of Philosophy of Science ............................ /289 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /292 Section 3 John Fiske (1842~1901) ................................ /294 1. Life and Works ............................................. /294 2. Relativity of Knowledge .................................... /296 3. Evolution, Dissolution and Creation ........................ /298 4. Evolution of Man and Society ............................... /302 5. Cosmic Theism .............................................. /305 6. Brief Remarks .............................................. /308 Chapter 3 Absolute Speculative Idealism .............................. /310 Section 1 Laurens Parseus Hickok (1798~1888) .................... /313 1. Life and Works ............................................. /314 2. Empirical Knowledge and Rational Knowledge ................. /315 3. Characteristics and Faculty of Mind ........................ /318 4. The Absolute and Absolute Reason ........................... /320 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /322 Section 2 William Torrey Harris (1835~1909) ..................... /323 1. Life and Works ............................................. /323 2. Speculative Philosophy ..................................... /325 3. Negation—The Soul of Dialecic Method ...................... /328 4. Self-Activity .............................................. /331 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /333 Section 3 Josiah Royce (1855~1916) .............................. /334 1. Life and Works ............................................. /335 2. The Absolute, the Infinite, and God ........................ /338 3. Idea and Reality ........................................... /341 4. Self, Loyalty and Community ................................ /344 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /349 Section 4 James Edwin Creighton (1861~1924) ..................... /351 1. Life and Works ............................................. /351 2. Mentalism and Speculative Idealism ......................... /352 3. Experience and Thought ..................................... /354 4. The Social and Human Nature of Philosophical Study ......... /358 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /359 Section 5 Brand Blanshard (1892~1966) ........................... /360 1. Life and Works ............................................. /360 2. Perception and Idea ........................................ /362 3. Things and Universals ...................................... /365 4. Coherent Theory of Truth ................................... /368 5. Rationalism and Antirationalism .......................... /372 6. Brief Remarks .............................................. /376 A Short Summary ....................................................... /377 postscript of republication ........................................... /379 Part 5 The Development of American Philosophy in the First Half of the 20th Century Chapter 1 American Social Situation in the First Half of the 20th Century ..................... /3 Chapter 2 Personalism ................................................ /6 Section 1 George Holmes Howison(1834~1916) ...................... /10 1. Life and Works ............................................. /10 2. Personal Idealism .......................................... /11 3. The Limits of Evolution .................................... /13 4. Individual’s Freedom and God’s Reality ................... /16 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /17 Section 2 Borden Parker Bowne(1847~1910) ........................ /18 1. Life and Works ............................................. /18 2. Personality:Self, Other Minds and God ..................... /19 3. Religion and Its Moral Significance ........................ /23 4. A Critique of Impersonalism ................................ /25 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /28 Section 3 Edgar Sheffield Brightman(1884~1953) .................. /30 1. Life and Works ............................................. /30 2. Personalistic Metaphysics .................................. /31 3. The Realm of Personality ................................... /35 4. God’s Temporality and Limitation .......................... /38 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /40 Section 4 William Ernest Hocking(1873~1966) ..................... /41 1. Life and Works ............................................. /42 2. Self and the World ......................................... /43 3. God and Its Existence ...................................... /46 4. The Origin and Functions of the State ...................... /50 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /53 Section 5 Peter Anthony Bertocci(1910~) ......................... /54 1. Life and Works ............................................. /54 2. Person and Its Character ................................... /55 3. God as a person ............................................ /57 4. Brief Remarks .............................................. /60 Chapter 3 Pragmatism ................................................. /62 Section 1 Charles Sanders Peirce(1839~1914) ..................... /66 1. Life and Works ............................................. /66 2. Reality and Its Knowability ................................ /67 3. Doubt,Inguiry,Belief ....................................... /70 4. Theory of Sign ............................................. /72 5. Theory of Meaning .......................................... /75 6. Theory of Truth and Theory of Fallibility .................. /77 7. Breif Remarks .............................................. /80 Section 2 William James(1842~1910) .............................. /81 1. Life and works ............................................. /82 2. The Stream of Consciounness and Self-consciousness ......... /84 3. The Radical Empiricism ..................................... /86 4. Pragmatism as a Methodology ................................ /89 5. The Useful is the Real ..................................... /91 6. Meliorism .................................................. /95 7. Brief Remarks .............................................. /96 Section 3 John Dewey(1859~1952) ................................. /98 1. Life and Works ............................................. /98 2. Empirical Naturalism ....................................... /100 3. Experimentalism ............................................ /102 4. Instrumentalism ............................................ /105 5. Theory of Human Nature ..................................... /108 6. An Outlook on Society and History .......................... /110 7. Brief Remarks .............................................. /112 Section 4 George Herbert Mead(1863~1931) ........................ /114 1. Life and Works ............................................. /114 2. Reality and Time ........................................... /115 3. Mind and Self .............................................. /119 4. Society and Morality ....................................... /122 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /124 Section 5 Clarence Irving Lewis (1883~1964) ..................... /125 1. Life and works ............................................. /125 2. Analytical Truth and Empirical Knowledge ................... /127 3. Verification and Justification ............................. /129 4. Theory of Meaning .......................................... /132 5. Values and Imperative ...................................... /134 6. Breif Remarks .............................................. /136 Section 6 Charles William Morris(1901~) ......................... /138 1. Life and Works ............................................. /138 2. Scientific Empiricism ...................................... /139 3. Sign, Sign-process and Sign-Behavior ....................... /142 4. Signication and Significance ............................... /144 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /147 Section 7 Sidney Hook(1902~1989) ................................ /147 1. Life and Works ............................................. /147 2. Pragmatistic Naturalism .................................... /148 3. Determinism and Non-Determinism ............................ /152 4. Democracy,Equality and Freedom ............................. /154 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /156 Chapter 4 New Realism and Critical Realism ........................... /158 Section 1 William Pepperall Montaque(1875~1953) ................. /161 1. Life and Works ............................................ /161 2. Basic Principles of New Realism ........................... /162 3. Existence and Subsistence ................................. /164 4. Theory of Immedite Presentation ........................... /166 5. Truth and Errow ........................................... /168 6. Brief Remarks ............................................. /170 Section 2 Ralph Barton Perry (1876~1957) ........................ /171 1. Life and Works ............................................ /171 2. A Critique of the “Ego-Centric Predicament” ............. /173 3. The Independence of the Immanent .......................... /175 4. Theory of Interest-Value .................................. /177 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /180 Section 3 Arthur Oncken Lovejoy (1873~1962) ..................... /181 1. Life and Works ............................................. /182 2. Epistemological Dualism ................................... /183 3. Temporalism and Pragmatism ................................ /186 4. A Study of the History of Ideas ........................... /188 5. Brief Remarks ............................................. /190 Section 4 George Santayana(1863~1952) ........................... /191 1. Life and Works ............................................ /192 2. “Character-Complex” as Essence .......................... /193 3. Life of Reason ............................................ /194 4. Realms of Being ........................................... /197 5. Brief Remarks ............................................. /200 Chapter 5 Naturalism ................................................. /202 Section 1 Morris Raphael Cohen(1880~1947) ....................... /205 1. Life and Works ............................................ /205 2. A Critique of the Revolt of Reason ........................ /206 3. Rationality, lnvariance and Polarity ...................... /208 4. Morality and Law .......................................... /211 5. Brief Remarks ............................................. /212 Section 2 Ernest Nagal(1901~1985) ............................... /213 1. Life and Works ............................................ /213 2. Naturalism and its View of Logic .......................... /214 3. Scientific Explanation .................................... /216 4. The Structure of Scientific Theories ...................... /218 5. The Place of Theory in Cognition .......................... /220 6. Brief Remarks ............................................. /222 Section 3 John Herman Randall, Jr.(1899~1980) ................... /224 1. Life and Works ............................................. /224 2. Substance and Experience ................................... /225 3. Language and Religion ...................................... /226 4. Philosophy, History and social Changes .................... /229 5. Brief Remarks .............................................. /231 Section 4 Roy Wood Sellars(1880~1973) ........................... /232 1. Life and Works ............................................ /232 2. Epistemological Dualism ................................... /233 3. Materialistic Naturalism .................................. /235 4. Consciousness and Being ................................... /239 5. Value, Democracy and Religion ............................. /241 6. Brief Remarks ............................................. /242 Chapter 6 Logical Positivism ......................................... /244 Section 1 Rudolf Carnap(1891~1970) .............................. /247 1. Life and Works ............................................ /247 2. Anti-Metaphysics and Logical Analysis ..................... /249 3. Syntactics and Semantics ..................... |